Out Of Place: Stone Architecture And Pastoral Nomadism In Prehistoric Inner Asia

How architecture reflects the configuration of physical and social spaces among prehistoric pastoral nomads is a topic scarcely explored in the archaeology of Inner Asia, not least because the common preconception is that structural remains are not in keeping with the mobile lifestyle. Yet, the juxtaposition of these two seemingly contrasting strategies of human subsistence forms an interesting paradox that underlies precisely the nature of nomadism. Accordingly, this study questions how pastoral nomads relate to stationary structures and the idea of a locale. To do so, it draws on the archaeological record of stone architecture in the Bortala River Valley of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, an area where pastoral nomadism developed in the second and first millennia BCE. With data collected from survey and excavation, this study employs GIS, statistics, and 3D photogrammetry to examine the environment and building patterns of these stone structures on three spatial scales. Built in simple geometric forms recurring in space and time, they correspond typologically to different epochs of human habitation, funerary and ritual activities. Instead of approaching the material typologically, however, this study questions the connection between site selection and architectural design and how the prehistoric landscape of Western Tian Shan was shaped. Three characteristics of place-making and space use are identified. First, the significance of these sites is reinforced through recurring access of specific locations and the adherence to certain building codes. Second, the aggregation of building components over time, like the symbolisms they carry, is cumulative and continuously reconfigured. Third, spatial knowledge is communal. It is anchored to a cartographic palimpsest comprising diverse forms of architecture and art. These preliminary observations form the basis for further modeling, in future research, the logistics of building and cultures of space use among early pastoral societies in Inner Asia on more explicit timescales and in more defined spatial forms

Modules of Stone Construction and the Building of Ritual and Social Traditions in Prehistoric Xinjiang (China) and Mongolia

International audienc

Results of Field Research on Ancient Stonework in the River Valleys of Bortala and Ili in Western Tian Shan (Xinjiang, China)

Ground-level stone structures constructed of unworked or minimally shaped slabs and cobbles are a ubiquitous feature of the archaeological landscape of western Tian Shan. However, little is known about their architecture other than surface morphology, which can appear quite homogeneous. This article presents the latest results of surveys and excavations of selected clusters of Bronze Age stonework from the contiguous Bortala River Valley and Ili River Valley in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In examining the distinctive forms and layouts applied to different building functions, including burial and habitation, we delve into regional variations in construction and land use straddling the intermontane valleys. In Bortala, the configuration and characteristics of the building components evince cumulative phases of use and construction on staggered timescales resulting from the aggregation of burials, repurposing of building parts, and designation of specific locales as alternately transhumant encampments and sites of burial and commemoration of broad social networks and lineal relations. In comparison, the architectural remains in Ili reflect a prolonged temporality that correlates with sedentary agricultural practices, diversified space use, and localized craft production and exchange. The field research provides important data for identifying autochthonous features of building practices independent of existing typologies of highly homogenized architectural schemas to inform broader contexts of subsistence patterns and social customs that resurgent interests in the Andronovo of Xinjiang seek to address

Changes In Stock Returns And Trading Volume Of American Depositary Receipts Around Their U.S. Stock Exchange Listing Switches

This study examines the change in stock returns and trading volume of American Depositary Receipts when foreign firms switched their listings from a major U.S. stock exchange to a more prestigious U.S. stock exchange; namely from the NASDAQ or American Stock Exchange to the New York Stock Exchange or from the American Stock Exchange to the NASDAQ since year 2000. We find that the stock returns of these American Depositary Receipts changed from better-than-market performance before the listing changes to just market performance after the listing changes. This evidence is consistent with a timing behavior of the management. We also find significant increase in their trading volume after the listing changes. This leads us to conclude that switching to a more prestigious stock exchange was able to create more investor interest

Estimating Wildlife Harvest Based on Reported Consumption by Inuit in the Canadian Arctic

The harvest and consumption of wildlife are integral to the livelihood, culture, and nutritional status of the Inuit of northern Canada. When wildlife populations are perceived to be vulnerable, harvest restrictions may be enacted to protect species conservation interests. Such restrictions may also have consequences for the nutrition and food security of Inuit communities. This study aims to estimate the harvest numbers of key wildlife species needed to sustain the traditional diet of Inuit. Using responses to the food frequency questionnaire that were collected from 806 men and 1275 women during the Inuit Health Study of 2007 – 08, we characterized annual country food consumption in five Inuit regions of northern Canada. Data on average edible yield of food species and Inuit population demographics were compiled and used to estimate the total number of harvested animals. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) was the species consumed with the highest prevalence (> 90%) and in greatest amounts (29.6 – 122.8 kg/person/yr), depending on sex and region. The annual consumption rate for beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) was 5.9 – 24.3 kg per person, depending on sex and region, and that for ringed seal (Pusa hispida) was 4.1 – 25.0 kg per person. To sustain this consumption rate, it is estimated that a mean total of 36 526 caribou, 898 beluga whales, and 17 465 ringed seals are required annually. These results provide a baseline for food security and resource management in the Canadian Arctic to balance Indigenous subsistence needs and wildlife conservation.La prise et la consommation de gibier font partie intégrante du mode de vie, de la culture et de l’alimentation des Inuits du Nord canadien. Lorsque certaines espèces sont perçues comme vulnérables, des restrictions peuvent être mises en vigueur quant à leur capture afin de favoriser leur protection et leur conservation. Par le fait même, ces restrictions peuvent avoir des conséquences sur l’alimentation et la sécurité alimentaire des collectivités inuites. Cette étude tente d’estimer les prises d’importantes espèces nécessaires au soutien du régime alimentaire traditionnel des Inuits. À l’aide des résultats découlant du sondage relatif à la fréquence de consommation des aliments réalisé auprès de 806 hommes et de 1 275 femmes dans le cadre de l’Étude sur la santé des Inuits en 2007 – 2008, nous avons caractérisé la consommation annuelle de nourriture de campagne dans cinq régions inuites du nord du Canada. Les données concernant le rendement comestible moyen des espèces alimentaires et les caractéristiques démographiques de la population inuite ont été compilées et utilisées pour estimer le nombre total d’animaux capturés. Le caribou (Rangifer tarandus) était l’espèce la plus souvent consommée (> 90 %) et en plus grandes quantités (de 29,6 à 122,8 kg/personne/année), en fonction du sexe de la personne et de la région. Le taux de consommation annuel du béluga (Delphinapterus leucas) était de 5,9 à 24,3 kg par personne, en fonction du sexe et de la région, tandis que celui du phoque annelé (Pusa hispida) était de 4,1 à 25,0 kg par personne. Pour soutenir ce taux de consommation, on estime qu’il faut annuellement un total moyen de 36 526 caribous, de 898 bélugas et de 17 465 phoques annelés. Ces résultats servent de point de référence à la gestion de la sécurité alimentaire et des ressources dans l’Arctique canadien afin d’équilibrer les besoins de subsistance indigènes et la conservation de la faune

Century Bonds: Debt Or Equity Securities?

In this study, we examine the characteristics of firms that have issued century bonds and the debt-versus-equity classification of these bonds.  Although it is commonly assumed that such bonds are issued for tax-avoidance purpose, an examination of firm characteristics suggests that firms have non-tax related motives in issuing century bonds.  The formal structure of century bonds also suggests that century bonds are similar to debt.  On the other hand, our analysis of the systematic risk of issuing firm's equity shows that century bonds are more similar to equity than to debt.  Thus, ultimately, the relative importance of these three factors will have to determine whether they are to be considered debt or equity.&nbsp

Faces and Eyes in Human Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Much of the work on face-selective neural activity has focused on posterior, ventral areas of the human and non-human primate brain. However, electrophysiological and fMRI studies have identified face responses in the prefrontal cortex. Here we used fMRI to characterize these responses in the human prefrontal cortex compared with face selectivity in posterior ventral region. We examined a region at the junction of the right inferior frontal sulcus and the precentral sulcus (right inferior frontal junction or rIFJ) that responds more to faces than to several other object categories. We find that the rIFJ and the right fusiform face area (rFFA) are broadly similar in their responses to whole faces, headless bodies, tools, and scenes. Strikingly, however, while the rFFA preferentially responds to the whole face, the rIFJ response to faces appears to be driven primarily by the eyes. This dissociation provides clues to the functional role of the rIFJ face response. We speculate on this role with reference to emotion perception, gaze perception, and to behavioral relevance more generally